【"冲刺四级"指导】-----carinewoo 制作：yuanjeremy
"冲刺四级"指导-1.听力理解
从本期起,将陆续推出和四级有关的指导内容.借助有关书籍,结合我个人的小小经验,来谈一下四级考试中各部分(包括:听力,阅读,词汇,简答,写作等)的命题规律和做题技巧以及注意事项.旨在帮助备考四级的沪友们更好的了解四级考试,让大家更有把握,从而能提高自己现有的水平.最终能够顺利pass!其实说是说谈四级,但备考六级的沪友也不妨可以参阅一下,毕竟有些技巧还是相通的.
第一章
听力理解
Section A
1.命题规律
对话部分,为日常生活中的一般对话,句子结构和内容都不太复杂.出题形式也相对稳定,多数情况下是对二人的讲话内容设问.
2.做题技巧
提前阅读选项,判断问题所属,从而集中精力于相关信息.注意根据信息词汇判断地点和说话人的身份职业,谈话双方的关系等.注意牵扯到数字(时间,距离,金钱)的题目,注意加减运算,明显听到的不是答案.在听时作适当笔记或符号,将听到的信息对号入座.判断说话人提出的建议是什么或说话人说话时采用虚拟语气背后的隐含之意.遇到既有概括,又有具体的答案选项,那么概括的是答案;有具体和抽象的,那么抽象的是答案.解答说话者言外之意的听力题,一般含义不肯定(出现might,may,can,could)的是答案.一般情况下,如果四个选项中有一个表示”同意”的概念,那么此项极有可能为答案.
Section B
1.命题规律
听力短文后的设题主要包括三类:综合推理题,主旨大意题及事实细节题.
2.做题技巧
把握首位句,整体上理解全文,方便解答主旨大意题 。听前阅读选项,增强听的目的性和针对性。听时记笔记,主要是些细节地方。文中反复出现的词是答案。字面意思一般不会是答案,答案一般都是含义较深入的选项。
注意事项:
听力的关键:还是要听,而且是用心去听,听时脑子里不能想着其他事,否则一出神,题目就过了.那多可惜啊!另外,听力现在考复合听写的可能性很小,所以大家也不必太在意.
"冲刺四级"指导-1.2
短文写作
从本期起,将陆续推出和四级有关的指导内容.借助有关书籍,结合我个人的小小经验,来谈一下四级考试中各部分(包括:听力,阅读,词汇,简答,写作等)的命题规律和做题技巧以及注意事项.旨在帮助备考四级的沪友们更好的了解四级考试,让大家更有把握,从而能提高自己现有的水平.最终能够顺利pass!其实说是说谈四级,但备考六级的沪友也不妨可以参阅一下,毕竟有些技巧还是相通的.
第二章 短文写作
(一)命题规律
1.大纲要求
能就一定的话题或提纲在半小时内写出120-150词的短文;能写短信和便条,表达清楚,无重大语言错误.
2.评分原则
1)作文是否体现主题思想
作文要体现主题思想,即是要求文章切题,全文统一,无不相关细节内容.
2)组织结构是否合理
组织结构合理主要体现在全文条理清楚,组织连贯和谐,善于使用衔接语以增强文章的逻辑性.
3)语法文字是否有重大失误
正确使用英语语法是英语学习的一个重要目的,而体现在写作中,则是语句合乎英语语法习惯,一篇充斥着语法错误的习作让人难以下读,也不可能获得高分.(所以如果语法还不是很好的话,应该多看一些语法书籍.)
4)卷面布局是否整洁
(a)字体端正清晰,易于辨识(因为大量阅卷,所以阅卷人不会花太多时间,精力来辨认你潦草的字迹,所以千万注意了!)
(b)规范大小写,词间空格,正确使用标点符号(这与平日的注意细节分不开,所以要从平时就开始注意起来)
(c)注意各种题材短文写作的格式,比如:信的写作格式等
(d)避免拼写错误,减少涂改
(e)短文写作千万别从头到尾只写一、两段,否则也得不了高分
3.评分标准
英语写作题满分为15分,评分标准分为五等:
2分—条理不清,思路紊乱,语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误,且多数为严重错误,字迹潦草
5分—基本切题.表达思想不清楚,连贯性差.有较多严重语言错误.
8分—基本切题.有些地方表达思想不够清楚,文字勉强连贯;语言错有一些严重错误,句子单调.
11分—切题.表达思想清楚,文字连贯,但有少量语言错误.
14分—切题.表达思想清楚,文字通顺,连贯性较好.基本无语言错误.
另外,字數不达到要求,也要酌情扣分:
累计字数:90-99(扣1分);80-89(扣2分);70-79(扣3分);60-69(扣4分)
注:如题目已给出主题句,其实句,结束句,均不能记入所写字数
(二)做题技巧
1.审题
拿到作文后第一件事就是审题,(如果跑题,条理和语言再好,也得不到及格分,甚至0分)
(1)体裁
审题就是要审作文的体裁和题材.体裁决定题材.体裁包括:议论文,说明文和描述文.从近年来看,四级作文是几种体裁的混合体.
(2)根据不同体裁确定写作方法
四级作文大都是三段式
议论文:要有论点和论据,而且往往从正反两面来论述
说明文:从几方面或几条来说明一个问题.
描述文:以”人”为中心描述一个”做”的过程
2.主题句
审题后,知道了写作的思路,下边就是怎么写了.第一步写主题句,写主题句最可靠的方法就是把题目中的各要求句译成英语.
3.条理清晰
议论文:正反面论述清楚
说明文:1,2,3条要清楚
描述文:谁干什么要清楚
为了使文章更具条理性,我们可以用first(ly),second(ly),third(ly),它们使文章的条理性更加突出.而诸如To begin with,…After that,…And then,…The next,…The following,…At last…这样的词语最好不用,因为他们不利于阅卷老师(每分卷子只有一两分钟就要阅完)看出文章的条理
4.一二一作文法
四级作文要求120词左右.四级作文大都是三段式.如果我们在每段中写上四句话,即主题句+两句扩展句+一个结论句(可记作”一二一”),每一句十多个词,这样就刚好超过120词.
同时,也不能写得太多,写得多容易跑题.避免写成流水账的方法是不要再对前一句中的一个非重点词再进行描述.如感觉字数不够,就在每一句或某些句子上添加次要的修饰词就行了.
"冲刺四级"指导-2.2 短文写作(样张的比较)
以下样卷均为考生的实际作文卷,典型的反映了五个不同分数段的应有水平.大家可以参考一下,以便检查自己的写作水平.
Reading Selectively Or Extensively?
样张1(得分:2分)
Most people thought that read book should have been selectived.But others
believed reading extensively was correction.
Selective books or reading extensibely?
Sure,you can choice one too book to read for us.We should choose which we
interested,and it would be helpful for us.
On another hand.Someone's interesting was wide.Each book could bring you
specific contain we couldn't reading at only one level.
I confirmed all of these ideas were good but weren't wise.
As a reader,the main task is to discover more and more,books,the second
task is to held some which wonderful and helpful for us.Don't treat these books
with rackless abandon.
【点评】文章条理不清,不成篇章.语言支离破碎,大部分句子不但有语言和词汇错误,而且多数为严重错误.
样张2(得分:5分)
I think reading not only selectively but also
extensively.Because the two sides are not contradict.Our time is limited.So we
can not read every book in the-world.However,we will not be interested in every
book.We should read those books may be useful to ours,read those books which we
like.But those books which we choose must be extensively.So it can give ours
all kinds of knowledge,noes and so on.it also make ours became a wise man.On
the one hand reading selectively let ours not waste our time which it is
limited.Moreover it can emphasis among all books that we can read.On the other
hand,reading extensively can deal with all kinds of need in our life.They are
all useful to ours.
【点评】基本切题,但连贯性差,意思表达不清，所有内容都挤在一起.语言错误较多,而且多数为严重语言错误.
样张3(得分:8分)
Some people think reading shall be choosed.Because some books are good to
humen beings.And some books are harmful to people.
Some people think that men shoued read books widely.Because wide reading
can help man get much knowledge,And man can use it to change the world.
It is my point that reading must be selectively.Because reading is
important to man.Some books can help man,but sane books can lead some people to
crime.It can be seen in the newspapers ans watched on TV.WE can make full use
of some good boks and gain more useful knoeledge.It can make our life more
beautiful.We must give up those unhelpful books.They are not good to us.Reading
them is wasting time and money.So reading selectively is an important part in
reading.
【点评】基本切题,有些地方表达不清,文字勉强连贯,有较多的语言错误.
样张4(得分:11分)
When it comes to reading,some people think that reading selectively is a
good way,but others do not agree with them and they think that reading
extensively is better.
Those people who think that reading selectively is better believe that
there are as many good books as there are bad ones.Good books can give us
pleasure and knowledge,while bad ones can only lead us to the wrong way.So,they
suggest that we should only choose the good books to read and never touch the
bad books.
But,the other people,who hold that reading extensively is better think
that one kind of books can only give us one aspect of knowledge.Even a good
book only contains one field of information.So,they can easily come to the
conclusion that if you want to acquire more knowledge,you have to read
more.That's why they believe that reading extensively is better.
To my point,we should choose good books to read good books as many as
possible.By this way,we can increase the quality and quantity of reading.
【点评】文章切题,条理清楚,层次分明,表达思想清楚,有少量语言错误.
样张5(得分:14分)
It is generally accepted that reading is very important.But when it comes
to(当说到...) how to read,it has sprung up a heated discussion as to whether we
should read selectively or we should read extensively.
Those who are in favor of the ides of reading selectively believe that it
is not how much one reads but what he reads that really counts.For one
thing,living in an age when much time has to be taken up by work and other
activies,people are unable to find enough time to read extensively even if they
intend to.For another,some books are harmful,such as pornographic books and
magazines sold at the street bookvendors.Lack of(缺乏) wise choice in this
matter may cultivate one's bad,indecent taste to such a degree that his mind
might be corrupted.Therefore,the choice of books can never be overlooked.
However,those who insist on reading selectively argue that it is through
reading extensively that we obtain most of our knowledge.Now branches of
knowledge are woven together rather than(是...而不是...) isloated
from each other.Only when one goes beyond his own field and reads widely can he
really make remarkable achievements in his study,in addition,the most valuable
gifts bestowed(给与,授予) by books are
experience,broad view and wisdom.Thus a man who reads extensively live many
lives while a man who does not read or read very little just kill away his
life.
In my opinion,we should read both selectively and extensively.That is to
say(也就是说,即),upon reading,we have to exercise extreme care(非常小心) in
distinguishing good books from indecent and vulgar books.The latter should
never be touched,but the significance of good reading cannot be overvalued.Whatever
the purpose in reading,our contact with good books should never fail to(没有,不会) give us
enjoyment and satisfaction and there is no such thing as"too many"in
reading good books.
【点评】第一段提出读书的两种不同观点,第二、三段分别说明了两种不同观点的理由,第四段采取一分为二的辩证观点,对两个观点都加以部分肯定,从而得出较中立的观点来结束文章.文中还有许多亮点词语(已用不同颜色标出),都是较地道德英语用法.
"冲刺四级"指导-2.3 短文写作(不同类型的短文写作)
(一)提纲式作文
提纲式作文是指给出中文提纲(或英语提纲),并要求按提纲写出120词左右的作文.提纲通常以短语或句子的形式列出,大多蕴含着短文的主旨意思.提纲式作文一般可分为说明分析类,比较类,对比类,驳斥类等.
1.说明分析类
提纲式作文一般分为三段(有时两段).以说明分析类占多数.要求根据提纲所指范围和线索,对某件事物,某种观点或某一个问题进行分析,解释,指出其积极一面或消极一面,并提出解决途径.
eg.How I Finance My College Education
1.上大学的费用可以通过多种途径解决
2.那种途径适合我(说明理由)
According to a recent survey by China Daily,every college student now has to
pay 5000 to 6000 yuan,not including the other fees,for their higher education every
year.For many students who come from the poor families,the tuitions and fees
are a heavy financial burden.
Many ways have been suggested to solve the problem.For example,before going to
the university,the poor students themselves can borrow some money from their
relatives and friends if possible.When in university,they can apply to the
department concerned for grant-in-aid,or to the special bank for a
four-year-term interest free loan.At the same time,they can take a part-time
job to support themselves.And the university can offer a list of the students
in bad need of financial support to the public through media to ask for help
from individuals and communities organs.
Among the above-listed approaches,I consider "taking a part-time job"
as the best solution.I am energetic,hard-working,and I am not afraid of losing
face if I take a part-time job to support myself.By taking one or two part-time
jobs,such as waiting on tables in the university dinning halls,or selling goods
for companies,or tutoring in families,I can earn 400 to 500 yuan each month.The
monthly income is enough for me.with a fixed income I may earn from part-time
jobs and with a little financial support somewhere else,I am confident that I
can finance my college education.
【点评】这是一篇解释性说明文.文章的开头用数据法引出话题,指出许多贫困学生很难支付学费.第二段介绍几种解决学费问题的方法.例如入学前向亲朋好友借贷,或是通过打工来支付学费.第三段陈述作者的选择:”我”支持打工这一途径.通过举例说明,体现作者的乐观精神.
也可写成,第一段:现象、问题─解决的几种方法、途径;第二段:我的选择(理由);第三段:结论与展望.
2.比较类
是指就某一件事或某一问题的正反两面、优劣、利弊等进行分析比较,然后下结论,提出自己的观点态度,或写出自己从实际经验中的得到的一些体会,并提出解决问题的办法.
写比较类文章时可以通过分析,列举或举例的方式进行比较.写时注意在分析时把所写的优点和缺点的段落分开,而且做好用一些表示转折关系的词或句子(but,however,on
the other hand,othwise,although,except for)
eg.Positive and Negative Aspects of Sports
1.体育运动的好处
2.体育运动可能带来的副作用
Playing sports is always part of people's life.Sometimes people take exercise
to keep fit,sometimes people play sports and gsmes just for fun.People spend a
lot of money and time on sports.
Sports are conducive to(对…有益)
health.First,they stimulate blood circulation.As a Chinese saying goes,
"Running water is never stale and a door-hinge never gets
worm-eaten."(流水不腐,户枢不蠹)Good blood circulation
can prevent diseases.Besides,sports help digestion.If one often takes
exercises,he will not suffer dyspepsia. Most important of all,sports make one
energetic.One who takes exercise everyday is always full of vigor and will
never be listless(无精打采的).
However,there are also disadvantages for doing exercises.First,it's harmful to
health if people take exercise without good habits.If he takes exercise
immediately after meals,it does harm to health.If one takes exercise in the
morning,he will sweat.If,as happens often,he is such a hurry that he has to go
to work with wet underwear,it is harmful to health,too.Besides,it is also
time-consuming(费时的) to take exercise.If one takes exercise
regularly,he can keep fit but most probably he will lag behind(落后) in other
fields.Worst of all,if one takes exercise without taking in enough
nutrition,his health will run down for malnutrition,which is just the oppsite
to what he wishes(恰恰事与愿违).
As far as I'm concerd(至于我的观点),it's beneficial to(对…有益) health to
take exercise.Inaddition,it will make me feel in high spirits(兴高采烈).Therefore,I'll
try to spare some time to take exercise regulatly.
【点评】本文是四段式,第一段引出主题,第二段写体育运动的好处,第三段写体育运动会带来的负面影响,第四段重申主题用归纳法结束文章.
3.对比类
是对某一件事或某一问题的两种看法进行对比,分析,然后再提出自己的看法.
写这类作文时,可根据所给提纲列举一些相关的实例,逐一进行分析.分析时首先可将两种观点加以评论,最后表明自己所赞成的观点,并解释和阐明理由.同时也可用一些表示转折的词、短语、句子等,使文章更具连贯性.
eg.Can Money Buy Happiness?
1.有人认为金钱是幸福之本
2.也有人认为金钱是万恶之源
3.我的看法
In our society,some people regard money as the source of happiness.They argue
that all the material things in their daily life have to be bought with money
and that if they have much money,they can get a lot of pleasure out of life,a
lot of fun from time to time.They say"having money means possessing
happiness".
But some others take money as the root of evil.They don't think that money goes
hand in hand with happiness.Instead,they believe that money will make those
weak-willed people addicted to some harmful habits,such as drug abusing and
gambling,and that some people are so greedy for money that they even break the
law.
As for me,I will not go from one extreme to the other.It is true that,without
money,we will feel hard to get anything material.But I should say money doesn't
mean everything.A millionaire may as well suffer from incurable cancer,and many
wealthy business men realize regretfully that the more business thay do,the
fewer friends they have.We all know that health and friendship are the bases of
a happy life,and they are the most valuable things that even money cannot
buy.Therefore,I suggest that we should not underestimate the importance of
money,but never regard it as our top target of life.
【点评】第一段中的引言句采用直接陈述法引出话题,直接充当段落主题句,用来概括一些人对金钱的看法.随后的拓展句作进一步的阐述,采用的是典型的先概括后分述的模式.第二段的开头用转折词"but"引出另一部分人对金钱的看法,也采用先概括后分述方式.在拓展句中,作者用举例的方法加以说明.第三段的开头用"as for
me"来引出作者自己的观点,得出结论:金钱可以买到物质财富,但买不到真正的幸福.并提醒人们不可忽视金钱的作用,更不可把它当作人生的目标.
4.驳斥类
这类作文只给一个明显错误的观点,要求考生对这种观点的表现形式或产生原因及可能造成的危害等进行有理有据的批驳.写此文时一定要将别人的观点和自己的观点截然分开,使文章条理清楚,观点明确.
eg.Global Shortage of Fresh Water
1.人们以为淡水是取之不尽的.(提示:雨水,井水,河水...)
2.实际上淡水是非常紧张的.(提示:人口增加,污染,工业用水...)
3.我们该怎么办?
For a long time,the people on the earth have firmly believed that fresh water
is inexhaustible,because there are sufficient fresh water resources─people can
take fresh water from so much rain,from so many lakes and rivers,or from the
wells.They have never given it a second thought that some day in the near
future,fresh water on this globe will run short.
In fact,it is now generally accepted that there is global shortage of fresh
water. With the growth of population, with the more water for industrial
use,and with many lakes and river polluted,the problem of fresh water shortage
is at present becoming worse.Some scientists even predict that the fresh water
will soon run out.
To solve this problem,we should take the following measures. One is to save
fresh water,using as little fresh water as possible. Another is to extract
fresh water from sea water. And the last[color=#FF7F50],also the best
solution,is to control the population growth and the quantity of industrial
water consumption,and to make the polluted river clean again.With these
measures conducted,the global shortage of fresh water will be solved.
【点评】引言段提出长期以来人们对淡水字眼的错误观念.第二段的第一句话既是段首句,又是全文的主题句.拓展句分别从人口增长,工业用水增加,湖水和河水受污染这些事实,说明问题的严重性.第二段末尾用”科学家预测”来体现权威性.第三段把作目的状语的不定式移到句首,起到强调作用.第三段中的第一句是该段的段首句,起到概括、统领的作用.最后一句采用乐观的态度和语气表示对淡水资源缺乏的问题充满信心.在说明某个问题和某种现象时,结尾处一二句表示建议和展望的话往往起到画龙点睛的作用,成为作文得高分的关键.
"冲刺四级"指导-3.1 词汇与语法
一、命题内容
项目内容 频率 比例(%)
名、代、形、动、副等
10．0 3．3
介、冠、连词等 2．8 9
动词短语搭配 4．4 14．6
非谓语动词 3．2 10．6
虚拟语气 1．8 6
时态、语态 1．6 5
主谓一致 0．4 1
各类从句 1．8 6
特定结构与句型 2．8 9
省略与倒装 0．5 2
二、 出题规律
1. 词汇的测试重点
1）近义词和近形词
a.近义词：指意义相近，考生容易混淆的词。着重考查考生对词义的确切理解。
b.近形词：指虽然词义不同但是在词的拼写、读音等词形方面有一定的相似之处。这类试题着重考查考生对词汇记忆的准确与熟练程度。
2）动词短语
这一类考题包括及物动词和副词，及物动词和介词构成的短语。它既考查考生对这些短语的构成和意义的掌握，而且考查它们的用法。
3）介词短语
这类考题在考查考生对介词意义的掌握的同时，考查考生对不同介词与其宾语的固定搭配及用法的掌握情况。例如：介词带名词、动名词、从句、疑问句及不定式等各形式的宾语；介词短语做定语、表语、状语、宾语补足语等等。
4）习惯搭配
这类试题考查名词、形容词、动词、介词的各种其他固定用法，包括一些习语与成语的构成及意义，在测试中占有相当大的比例。
2. 语法的测试重点
1） 谓语动词
主要测试英语中的各种时态、语态以及主谓一致等。
2） 虚拟语气
主要测试各种虚拟语气的用法，其中关键是主句的时态和与之相应的条件状语从句中的时态。
3） 连词的用法
主要测试不同类型连词的用法及其引导的各种状语从句
4） 非谓语动词
主要测试动词不定式、动名词、现在分词、和过去分词各自的用法。其中重点是测试非谓语动词的时态和语态。
5） 各种从句
主要测试定语从句和名词性从句
6） It 句型
主要测试"It"的不同用法，重点测试“It”作为形式主语、形式宾语、和用于强调结构的用法。
三、词汇与结构辨析题解题三大技巧
1.词汇与结构部分每小题所占分数为0.5分，因此，考生不必花费太多时间用于此部分，基本上半分钟做一题。
2. 语法题要判断测试点，利用其语法特征和用法做题。
3. 根据提示词，标点符号及反义词等做词汇题。
"冲刺四级"指导-3.2 词汇与语法结构
(一)命题规律
本部分共30题,每小题0.5分,答题时间为20分钟.近年来,词汇题所占的比例较语法结构题来说,已越来越大.词汇与语法结构部分在四级考试中所占比例虽不大,但没有一个确定的范围.它主要是用来检验考生对词汇的总体掌握情况,考查期英语词汇的运用能力.词汇部分的考点大致可分为:短语动词、同义词、近义词辨析,形近易混词辨析,短语及固定搭配四种题型.
四种题型中形近易混词辨析所占比例最大,这类型的题所含范围也最广(包括各类词的辨析:形容词、动词、名次、副词和介词等);短语及固定搭配位居第二,涉及范围也较广.这些都要求大家在平时的学习和考试中不但要准确记住每个词的词义,而且还要掌握启用法及特点,并且还要牢记一些短语及其各词与其他词之间的搭配关系和用法.
语法结构题型主要有:非谓语动词;谓语的时态、语态;虚拟语气;复合句;情态动词;倒装句和强调句.
(二)考点和重难点
(1)语义问题
英语中不少单词是多义词,而有的人只知道它们的一个或两个意思,却不知道其他含义和在特定上下文中的引伸意义.而这些恰恰就是考试中容易考到的部分,也是容易出错的部分.所以平时拿着单词本背的时候,千万多注意一下,看看这个词究竟有哪几层意思.
(2)搭配问题
包括名次与形容词,动词与名次,动词、名词或形容词与介词,动词与副词等的搭配.这些搭配纷繁复杂,千变万化,是产生词汇和语法错误的主要原因.要想解决这个问题,重在平时积累,多看多记.
(3)语法结构问题
在特定的语境中应该选用何种时态或何种句子结构,往往是容易出错的关键地方.语法的基本内容在初、高中都已交完,如还不懂,那只能再温习以前的语法书啰!
(三)地位和时间分配
该部分共30题,每小题0.5分,共15分,答题时间为20分钟.从整体看,占分比例不大,不像阅读占分多,分值高.但显然这15分也不能轻易放弃.现在的现象是:绝大部分人在这部分花的时间过多了.这一部分考察主要靠的是知识和语感,不是多想一会儿就能答对.所以每题所花的时间大约可以控制在30秒左右,节省下来的时间可以用到分值高的题目中去.
(四)答题技巧
拿到题,首先从语法角度来考虑,每一题必然是考某一个语法点.从语法着手不行,再从句意着手,透彻理解句子的意思.要相信第一反应,因为第一反应往往来自于语感.容易的熟悉的题要一扫而过,难题也不要多花时间,先猜一个,以免后来时间紧忘记,再在题目前做一记号,等有时间做检查时,再考虑.也许在做其他题目时,也会得到某种启示也说不定.
具体在解答词汇和语法结构题时,可用以下几种方法:
(1)直选法
每道题都有四个答案,其中一个是正确的,三个为干扰项.在答题时,首先应运用直选法,一般适用于固定搭配和习惯用法,可根据知识、语感和语法规则直接选出答案.
eg.I was __D__ the point of telephoning him when his letter
arrived.(1999.6)
A.in B.to C.at D.on
本题涉及固定搭配问题.依题意(我正想给他打电话时他的信到了.)应选择D,固定搭配on the point
of doing "正想,打算..."
eg.You would be __D__ a risk to let your child go to school
by himself.(2002.6)
A.omitting B.attaching C.affording D.running
本句意思为:你让你的孩子自己上学会是一种冒险.测试的是动词和名词的固定搭配:run a/the risk of
sth./to do sth."冒...的危险"
(2)排除法
如不能运用直选法的话,就应该从题的句子结构和上下文意思两方面加以考虑,通过对语义、语法、逻辑的分析,或通过对词汇、语法、辨析来逐个排除.
eg.The neighborhood boys like to play basketball on that __C__
lot.(2002.6)
A.valid B.vain C.vacant D.vague
本句意为:附近的男孩们喜欢在那块空地上打篮球.本题测试的是对形近词的区分.valid"(合同)有效的,有根据的";vague"模糊的,含糊的";vain可从词组in vain中得知其意"徒劳的",A,B,D都不符题意.只有选C.
(3)按动词的适当形式选择
首先要根据题中的时间状语来判断谓语动词的时态;其次,按语法规则选择动词的适当形式,同时,还应考虑到题中时态的前后呼应和题句本身的意义.
eg.The manager promised to keep me __C__ of how our business was going
on.
A.to be informed B.on informing C.informed D.informing
全句意为:经理答应让我不断了解我们业务的进展情况."keep+名词+分词"表示"让...(保持)".因inform是vt.,me是它的动作对象,所以要用过去分词informed.
keep on是一个短语,表示"继续做...",之间不能插入宾语,故不能选B;如选D,keep后面用现在分词,则keep的宾语me就变成是分词动作的主语了,这与本题不符.
--下面,还是动手练一练[能作分析当然更好]吧!(认真回贴者,奖励50沪元哦!)--
1.In the ____ of the project not being a success,the investors stand to lose up
to $30 million.
A.event B.face C.time D.course
2.His remarks left me ____ about his real purpose.(1999.6)
A.wonder B.wondering C.wondered D.to wonder
3.Although many people view conflict as bad,conflict is sometimes useful ____
it forces people to test the relative merits of their attitudes and
behaviors.(2000.1)
A.by which B.to which C.in that D.so that
4.Putting in a new window will ____ cutting away part of the roof.(2000.6)
A.contain B.compose C.include D.involve
5.The price of beer ____ from 50 cents to $4 per liter during the summer
season.(1999.6)
A.ranged B.differed C.altered D.separated
参考答案及具体分析回贴可见:
1.In the __A__ of
the project not being a success,the investors stand to lose up to $30 million.万一这项工程不成功,投资方承担的损失达3千万美元.(in the
event of"万一...,倘若...";in the face
of"在...前面,当着...的面,不管...";in
time of"在...时候";in the course
of"在...期间,在...过程中")
A.event B.face C.time D.course
2.His remarks left me __B__ about his real purpose.(1999.6)他的话使我怀疑他的真实目的.(句中谓语动词left后常用于带现在分词的复合结构.leave sb.
doing sth."使某人做某事")
A.wonder B.wondering C.wondered D.to wonder
3.Although many people view conflict as bad,conflict is sometimes useful
__C__ it forces people to test the relative merits of their attitudes
and behaviors.(2000.1)尽管许多人认为冲突不好,但有时冲突却有益处--冲突迫使人们对他们的态度、举止方面相关的优点进行考验.(本题涉及带从句的介词用法.据句意,显然作者以为冲突能考验人们的态度,举止是冲突有益的一面,即"在...方面冲突有它有用的地方",因此选择C,in that"在...方面,因为...")
A.by which B.to which C.in that D.so that
4.Putting in a new window will __D__ cutting away part of the
roof.(2000.6)装一扇新窗户就得截去一部分屋顶.(该题是考查对动词近义词词义及其搭配用法的掌握情况.四个选项都有"包括"之意.contain指所容纳的东西是其组成的一部分[have or hold
within itself],有时指大物体容纳着许多小物体;compose指包含的人或事构成整体的全部[be composed of;have as
parts or members];include所包含的人或事是整体的组成部分[bring in as part of the
whole];involve指根据整体的性质决定应包含有某些成分或结果[have necessary
consequence],后接动名词做宾语)
A.contain B.compose C.include D.involve
5.The price of beer __A__ from 50 cents to $4 per liter during the
summer season.(1999.6)夏季每升啤酒的价格分布于50每分到4美元不等.(range"散布,分布",常用于range from...
to...结构中,表示"在...之间变化,分布在...范围内")
A.ranged B.differed"不同" C.altered"改变"
D.separated"分离"
"冲刺四级"指导--4.简短回答
一、命题规律
四级考试中,自1997年1月开始出现了简答题.评分标准是:在评分时同时考虑内容和语言,每题为2分.
简短回答问题一般放在试卷二上,每次为一篇300字左右的短文.短文后附五个问题或不完整的句子,要求在阅读后用正确、简短的英文回答问题或完成句子.与阅读理解一样,简答题的题型也是多种多样的,但总的说来,可以分为:主旨大意题、逻辑推理题和事实细节题。在回答问题时,一定要根据题型及提问方式采取相应的对策.
二、答题技巧
一般来说,做简答题可以遵循以下几个步骤(含注意事项):
1)阅读要有的放矢.可先用1分钟左右来大致了解一下文章后面提出的问题及其所问的内容,做到阅读文章时心中有数,带着问题去阅读.这样就节约了时间,又提高了效率,同时还把握住了回答问题的准确度.
2)然后,用5分钟左右来仔细阅读.不宜过急过快,以免欲速则不达.阅读时凭脑中对各问题的印象,随时捕捉与问题有关的信息词.同时可适当做些记号,以便做题时查找.
3)原则上,读一遍原文即可回答问题.如果遇到有难度的问题,难以立刻找到答案,可有选择的再仔细阅读原文与该题有关的内容.切忌凭自己主观臆断来答题.
4)答题是尽量使用自己的语言,不要过多照抄文中的语句.如原封不动照抄一句扣0.5分,照搬两句及以上扣2分,因此即便是肯定原文中的某句就是正确答案,也不能完整地抄下来,而应做些变动.
5)答案要简洁、扼要,书写要工整清晰,争取以最简单易懂的词句来说明问题.要学会抓住关键词,问什么答什么,不要有任何多余的、拖泥带水的废话.
例:1997年1月真题
In Britain,the old Road Traffic Act restricted speeds to 2 m.p.h(miles per
hour) in towns and 4 m.p.h. in the country.Later Parliament increased the speed
limit to 14 m.p.h..But by 1903 the development of the car industry had made it
necessary to raise the limit to 20 m.p.h..By 1903,however,the law was so widely
ignored that speeding restrictions were done away with altogether.For five
years motorists were free to drive at whatever speeds they liked.Then in 1935
the Road Traffic Act imposed a 30 m.p.h. speed limit in built-up areas,along
with the introduction of driving tests and pedestrian crossing.
Speeding is now the most common motoring offence in Britain,offences for
speeding fall into three classes:exceeding the limit on a restricted
road,exceeding on any road the limit for the vehicle you are driving,and
exceeding the 70 m.p.h. limit on any road. A restricted road is one where the
street lamps are 200 yards apart,or more.
The main controversy surrounding speeding laws is the extent of their safety value.The
Ministry of Transport maintains that speed limits reduce accidents.It claims
that when the 30 mp.p.h. limit was introduced in 1935 there was a fall of 15
percent in fatal accidents.Likewise,when the 40 m.p.h. speed limit was imposed
on a number of roads in London in the late fifties,there was a 28 percent
reduction in serious accidents.There were also fewer casualties in the year
after the 70 m.p.h. motorway limit was imposed in 1966.
In America,however,it is though that the reduced accident figures are due
rather to the increase in traffic density.This is why it has even been
suggested that the present speed limits should be done away with completely,or
that a guide should be given to inexperienced drivers and the speed limits made
advisory,as is done in parts of the USA.
【分析】这篇文章属于没有明显主题句的类型.针对这类文章出的题目主要是细节题.因为它不涉及作者个人的观点、看法,也推不出什么显而易见的结论.只是就事论事,不带主观偏见的陈述一些事实.遇到这类文章时一定要读得细些,以加快做题中回扫定位的速度和准确度.
全文共分四段.首段回顾了英国历史上交通法规对行车速度的限制.第二段谈现状,说超速是目前英国最常见的交通违规行为.第三段讲围绕限制超速的一些争论,主要摆出了英国交通部的观点.第四段讲美国人对限制速度意义的不同认识.
Question:
1. During which period could British motorists drive without speed limits?
【参考答案】From 1930 to 1934. / Between 1930 and 1934.
2. What measures were adopted in 1935 in addition to the speeding restrictions?
【参考答案】Driving tests and pedestrian crossings. / The introduction of driving
tests and pedestrian crossingd.
3. Speeding is a motoring offence a driver commits when he ____.
【参考答案】exceeds the different speed limits in different areas.
4. What is the opinion of British authorities concerning speeding laws?
【参考答案】Speed limits reduce accidents.
5. What reason do Americans give for the reduction in traffic accidents?
【参考答案】The increase in traffic density.
三、题型分析
(一)主旨大意题
做此类题要求用最简洁而又内涵丰富的词或短语高度概括文章的中心思想.但难点往往在于:虽然看懂了短文,也知道中心意思,但却不知如何表达.此时,关键是找主题句,通过对主题句进行必要的改动,就能找到最佳答案.而主题句通常都在段首或段尾,有时是一疑问句或一简单句,且具有语法上的独立性.关键词有:in short、in my opinion、that is、therefore、I
believe/suggest/think、in fact等等.
(二)事实细节题
① 描述性题目
该类题能从原文中直接找出答案。此类细节题答案一般是句子谓语或宾语等主干成分，只需略做变化即能写出答案。
② 因果型题目
该类题短文中能直接找到原因或结果。通常表原因的关键词有:for that reason,for,as,because,since,as a result
of,owing to,thanks to等.表结果的关键词有:as a
result,therefore,consequently,thus,accordingly,so等.阅读时要注意这些词后面的内容.
③ 范例型题目
该类题需要概括答案的.表示举例的关键词有:for example,such…as,for
instance,that is,as follow等.
④ 比较对照型题目
比较对照目的在于所涉及的两个事物之间不同或相似之处,进而说明主题.表对照的关键词有:however,nevertheless,in
contrast,on the other hand,but,yet,while等.表比较的词有:likewise,in
the same way,as if,as等
⑤ 描写叙述型题目
该类题需要变换词法或句型.此类题句子内容和表达此再原文中能找到,关键是进行时态的变换,句型的转换.在替换过程中一定要特别注意时态,单、复数和动名词等.
(三)逻辑推理题
主要包括：描述事实基础上的推理和逻辑上的推理
⒈在描述事实基础上的推理题.只要在描述细节句子范围内进行推理,不必顾及整体文章主旨,以防干扰.
⒉通过前后句以及上、下文内在逻辑进行推理.此类题一般针对主题思想、作者意图而设计的.所以要特别注意首句、段尾句和表示转折或因果关系的一些词,如:but,however,yet,in
short,as,although,as a result,because,since,therefore,thus,so等
"冲刺四级"指导—5 阅读理解
一、命题规律
要求:能顺利阅读语言难度中等的一般性题材的文章,掌握中心大意以及说明中心大意的主要事实和细节,并能进行一定的分析、推理和判断,领会作者的观点和态度.
此部分得份高低，对整个考试的成功与否起着决定性作用。阅读理解不仅考察词汇量、语法知识、阅读速度等基本功，还考察判断、推理、归纳、总结综合能力。
在四级考中，阅读占总分的40%。主要测试下述能力：
(1)掌握所读材料的主旨和大意
(2)了解说明主旨和大意的事实和细节
(3)既能理解字面意思,也能根据所读材料进行一定的判断和推论
(4)既理解个别句子的意义,也能理解上下文的逻辑关系
二、答题技巧
除平时进行大量阅读练习外,考试时还应注意:
1)合理控制时间.四级考试是要求大家在35分钟内完成四篇阅读.但大多数人都不太能做到.那么只要你自己合理的将阅读和其他部分所花的时间安排好也就没问题了.阅读可以多占用点时间,其他部分就得节约点时间.
2)先读问题再读文章.为加快速度和提高答题准确率,不妨先读问题再看文章,带着问题去读材料.
3)先易后难.如一篇文章比较难理解,那么可先读下一篇.避免在一篇文章上花的时间过多,而影响其他文章的阅读.同时也可减少因难题做不出而造成的心理压力.
4)趋熟避生.阅读时不可避免会遇到生词,如一见到生词就不知所措,就必然影响到对文章的理解.此时应采用"趋熟避生"的方法.不认识的生词对理解文章的关系不大,就可以跳过去不管它;如果影响到你对文章的理解,就要试着从句中去猜测它的意思.
5)抓住主题句.即文章各段的中心思想句.通常出现在段首,阅读时要仔细读懂.